Small size catheters allow more blood flow in adjacent tissues and thereby prevent damage to the tunica intima of the vein. Euser AG, Bullinger L, Cipolla MJ. Part I: It consists of socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Magnesium supplementation has been reported to decrease regional brain tissue water content and attenuate brain edema formation after experimental TBI (Okiyama et al., 1995; Feldman et al., 1996). Royo NC, Shimizu S, Schouten JW, Stover JF, McIntosh TK. But the association was not statistically significant. Reduction in brain intracellular free Mg2+ is also associated with brain intracellular acidosis and a concomitant reduction of brain energy stores (Vink et al., 1988; Altura et al., 1995). It is beneficial in improving the texture and pigmentation of hair growth. Only in some participants palpable venous cord and pyrexia was present in both groups. a = Mann-Whitney U Test; b = Kruskal Wallis Test. The findings from the current study show that both group all 100% participants having phlebitis were using cannula for various intravenous medications followed by 96% participants were receiving intravenous fluids and electrolytes Likewise 60% and 20% participants in MSG and HPA groups respectively were under KCL with IVF. It is characterised by localised erythema, swelling, heat and localised pain. Magnesium sulfate combined with water causes reverse osmosis. Key Ingredients: Dried magnesium sulfate Topical glycerine Topical phenol Key Benefits: Where you type create something beautiful! Prolonged standing, Encourage rhythmic isotonic movements eg. Role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Check Interpret Media out if you are looking for an illustrator. There is only one study in the current literature that evaluates the effects of magnesium in hydrocephalus, and a mild protection against brain damage was shown using MgSO4 therapy in a rat model of childhood-onset hydrocephalus (Khan et al., 2003). Similarly, there was no significant association between magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing and heparinoid ointment application on management of phlebitis with selected socio-demographic variables and cannula related factors. Hallak M, Berman RF, Irtenkauf SM, Evans MI, Cotton DB. Methods: This is an observational study consisting of 20 patients (sample size) who presented at N and Hospital, Vasna - Bhayli, Vadodara . Aquaporin (AQP)-4, a bidirectional transmembrane water channel expressed mainly in astrocytes and to a lesser extent in barrier type of endothelial cells and pial membranes, may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cytotoxic and vasogenic brain edema and aggravation/resolution of ischemic and traumatic brain edema (Amiry- Moghaddam et al., 2003; Zador et al., 2009). This finding is supported by a study Bare [2] who explained peripheral intravenous device (PIV)/catheters are the most commonly used intravenous device in hospitalized patients. Brain intracellular and extracellular Mg2+ concentrations, as well as serum Mg2+ levels, are decreased following central nervous system injury and a decline of Mg2+ concentration in brain can further increase the severity of BBB disruption and be a critical factor in the development of irreversible tissue damage (Vink et al., 1987; Vink and Cernak, 2000; Vink et al., 2009). However this result did not exactly provide sufficient statistical evidence to prove and validate this result but Marino [21] showed that the incidence of phlebitis increases significantly after peripheral vein catheters are left in place longer than 72 hours, but the incidence does not change from 72 to 96 hours. Similarly, this study confirms the findings of some other studies as well Wait [18] that site of insertion of cannula influence phlebitis. Salem M, Kasinski N, Munoz R, Chernow B. Haorah J, Knipe B, Leibhart J, Ghorpade A, Persidsky Y. Alcohol-induced oxidative stress in brain endothelial cells causes blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Cell membranes have a particularly low permeability to Mg2+ and hence the ion moves slowly between intracellular and interstitial compartments. However, owing to the availability of limited knowledge, it is hard to come to a full understanding of the highly specific actions of magnesium on BBB integrity and brain edema in the course of a variety of pathophysiologies involving the BBB. She was managed conservatively with analgesics, limb elevation, and glycerin magnesium sulfate dressing. A small gender difference was observed in the participants in the present study with the findings of 48% in male and 52% in females from both groups. Phlebitis: It is the inflammation of the veins. Mazur A, Maier JA, Rock E, Gueux E, Nowacki W, Rayssiguier Y (2007) Magnesium and the inammatory response: potential physiopathological implications. WellTell us something you know better. Effect of diets with different magnesium content in ischemic stroke rats. Skin that holds a dimple, also known as pitting, after it's been pressed for a few seconds. Setting: The study was conducted in medical and surgical wards of B.P. Table 8. Pharmacology of traumatic brain injury. Cardoso FL, Brites D, Brito MA. Mg2+ acts as a regulatory cation at the systemic and cellular levels, and participates in almost all anabolic and catabolic processes in the body. Pre-testing was performed before intervention. The effects of magnesium sulfate on blood-brain barrier disruption caused by intracarotid injection of hyperosmolar mannitol in rats. There was homogenous distribution of age, gender, marital status and education in both experimental groups with significance p-value of 0.663, 0.258, 0.3006 and 0.978 respectively. Libien J, Sacktor TC, Kass IS. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing as compared to heparinoid ointment application on management of peripheral cannula induced phlebitis. The pathophysiology of brain edema and elevated intracranial pressure. Pathology and new players in the pathogenesis of brain edema. Wolf FI, Trapani V, Simonacci M, Boninsegna A, Mazur A, Maier JA. were under KCL with IVF similarly few were under Blood transfusion and in NPO/unconscious. 1. The finding of the study is consistent with others studies. Part III: It consists of check-list and grading scale to assess severity of phlebitis based on Visual Infusion Phlebitis (VIP) scale. The authors showed that the increased serum Mg2+ concentrations yielded only a marginal increase of total and ionized Mg2+ in CSF and they concluded that the regulation of magnesium by the constituents of the BBB remains largely intact following brain injuries. Simple random sampling technique was used to allocate the wards to each interventional group and purposive sampling technique to select samples where instruments baseline Performa and observation scale was used to collect data. . Changes in intra- and extracellular Mg2+ concentrations influence the functions of cells and tissues. Baseline performa, was used to assess the subjective symptoms and observation scale to observe the objective symptoms. According to age in years maximum numbers of the participants 30% were from the age group of 46 - 65 years in both MSG as well as HPA group. Edema and brain trauma. Weglicki WB, Mak IT, Kramer JH, Dickens BF, Cassidy MM, Staord RE, Phillips TM. Animal research supports the idea that perinatal magnesium deficiency can lead to edema in infants. Finally, data will be preserved for at least five years. This is wrong method.Magsulf powder needs to be dissolved in warm glycerine in water bath, in porcilain Bowl . Heparinoid Application: It refers to application of thrombophob ointment (containing heparin) by gentle massage, three times a day at the site of phlebitis continuously for two days which reduce inflammation, stiffness and, thus alleviate pain and promote tissue metabolism as well as the process of healing. In this study, phlebitis means a painful swelling and raised temperature at the intravenous infusion site along with hardness (induration), redness (erythema), and palpable vein as measured of Visual Infusion Phlebitis Scale (VIP Scale). Magnesium supplementation is one of the experimental methods and pharmacological approaches developed for the treatment of BBB disruption and brain edema caused by septic encephalopathy. Coding/decoding: Serial number was given for each sample result. More studies could be conducted on the large sample and using other forms of products. Fisher M. Pericyte signaling in the neurovascular unit. Incidence of phlebitis in children receiving intravenous therapy has been reported to be as high as 71.25%. Effect of magnesium given 1 hour after head trauma on brain edema and neurological outcome. Out among 50 admitted patients with cannula induced phlebitis. Table 2 depicts majority of 40 (80%) participants days of hospital stay was below 1 week among both MSG and HPA group, majority about two fifth 10 (40%) of cannula was inserted in wrist in HPA group and equal number of the participants (16%) of cannula was on forearm from both groups and equal (28%) in both dorsum of hand and cubital fossa in MSG group. Take magnesium sulphate granules and mix it with glycerine using one finger (20 gm MgSO4: 100 ml Glycerine ratio). In animal models, magnesium treatment has been shown to contribute to the protection of the BBB during eclampsia, to decrease the increased BBB permeability, and to prevent the development of brain edema in certain experimental settings, including acute hypertension and hypoglycemia- induced seizures (Kaya et al., 2001 and 2004; Euser et al., 2008). It is estimated that 150 million peripheral intravenous devices are placed each year in North America alone [5]. Romani AM, Scarpa A. Thus for the subjects who receive glycerin magnesium sulphate, the medication was in constant contact with the affected area till the next application. 38 (76%) out of them majority of 21 (84%) and 17 (68%) of the respondents were cannulated with 20 G cannula in HPA and MSG group respectively. Magnesium administration significantly attenuates the hypoxia-induced increase in reactive oxygen species and contributes to the repair of the disrupted BBB in hypoxia/ischemia (Ravishankar et al., 2001; Goi-de-Cerio et al., 2009). Brain edema caused by trauma has also been proposed to be mainly vasogenic in nature due to the opening of TJs in the BBB (Unterberg et al., 2004). But the association was not statistically significant. Address all inquiries to the Director at the above address. Altura BM, Gebrewold A, Altura BT, Gupta RK. In addition, a number of molecules are transported across the BBB by other mechanisms including carrier- and receptor-mediated transport, adsorptive-mediated endocytosis and fluid phase-mediated endo- cytosis (Loscher and Potschka, 2005; Pardridge, 2007). Nevertheless, under normal conditions, BBB function is regulated primarily by capillary endothelial cells (Fisher, 2009; Abbott et al., 2010). Edema in foot and ankle. The average score has been reduced on post-test score in both groups. Magnesium homeostasis and alcohol consumption. Prolonged standing, Encourage rhythmic isotonic movements eg. A 1999 study published in "Biology of the Neonate" found that when pregnant rats were given a magnesium-deficient diet, the mortality rate of their pups increased. Acute cytoskeletal alterations and cell death induced by experimental brain injury are attenuated by magnesium treatment and exacerbated by magnesium deciency. These enzymes are important for the survival of various cell types including endothelial cells of the BBB. (:PS: We have moderated comments to reduce spam. Correale J, Villa A. Zador Z, Stiver S, Wang V, Manley GT (2009) Role of aquaporin-4 in cerebral edema and stroke. The result revealed that in group I the mean pre-post treatment score of phlebitis were 3.36 and 0.120 respectively and the pre-test and post-test scores of standard deviation were 0.757 and 0.332 respectively and rank 6.80 and 1.98 respectively. Population: All the patients admitted in medical and surgical wards of B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences with phlebitis having peripheral intravascular cannula (PIC) in situ constitute the population of the study. Regarding effectiveness, there was a statistically significant difference in phlebitis score in both experimental groups after comparison baseline within 8, 16, 32, 40, 48 hours of administration of intervention (P = 0.05). However, our data did not provide sufficient statistical evidence to prove and validate the result. Cellular Elements of the Blood-Brain Barrier. . primary physiological response to trauma, thus minimizing the barrier to wound healing an facilitates tissue repair. This pulls salt and excess fluids out of your body, helping relieve swelling. (M), magnesium sulfate dressing was done by dipping the gauze in the magnesium sulfate glycerine solution and applying it on phlebitis area. Molecular biology of the blood- brain-barrier. It has been reported that Mg2+ exerts neuroprotective effects in an anoxic insult by improving the recovery of synaptic transmission and blocking the loss of protein kinase C (PKC) (Libien et al., 2005). Worldwide hundreds of millions of patients are affected by health care-associated infections each year. Aquaporin-4 gene disruption in mice reduces brain swelling and mortality in pneumococcal meningitis. Saris NL, Mervaala E, Karppanen H, Khawaja JA, Lewenstam A. Magnesium: an update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. On the other hand, magnesium supplementation can play multiple roles in protecting BBB integrity and improving brain edema. The guideline for the prevention of catheter-related infections has been developed for practitioners who insert catheters and for those who are responsible for surveillance and control of infections in the hospital, the outpatient, and home healthcare settings [8]. A growing body of evidence suggests that Mg2+ plays a pivotal role in ameliorating BBB disruption via a number of mechanisms during certain neurological diseases. =DBe a good critic and correct us if something went wrong :|Go ahead. Euser AG, Cipolla MJ. Similarly few were under blood transfusion and in NPO/unconscious. It is also used as a soaking solution to relieve minor sprains, bruises, muscle aches or discomfort, joint stiffness or soreness, and tired feet. Similarly, majority of participants 72% and 84% in MSG group and HPA group respectively were married. Both procedure were repeated 3 times a day at interval of 8 hours continuously for 2 days. To find out the association between magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing and heparinoid ointment application on management of phlebitis with selected cannula and related factors. Effects of blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors on blood- brain barrier disruption in focal cerebral ischemia. Dai LJ, Quamme G A. Intracellular Mg2+ and magnesium depletion in isolated renal thick ascending limb cells. After entry, data were rechecked and transfer to SPSS version 11.5 and analyzed. COMPARISON BETWEEN DRESSING OF CELLULITIS WITH GLYCERIN AND MAGNESIUM SULFATE VERSUS NORMAL SALINE. craigslist plainfield, il apartments, Consists of socio-demographic characteristics of the vein phlebitis based on Visual Infusion phlebitis VIP... 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